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Аннотация
Зелёные субсидии стали важным инструментом современной климатической, энергетической и промышленной политики, однако Соглашение о субсидиях и компенсационных мерах (Соглашение СКМ) не содержит комплексной правовой категории для таких мер. В статье разрабатывается концепция двойной регуляторной асимметрии для оценки того, как нормы ВТО о субсидиях регулируют экологически благоприятные и вредные формы государственной поддержки. С одной стороны, правомерные зелёные субсидии, направленные на достижение экологических целей, могут оставаться уязвимыми для оспаривания в рамках действующих правил. С другой стороны, многие экологически вредные субсидии, особенно меры поддержки ископаемого топлива, остаются сложными для регулирования через критерии финансового содействия, выгоды и специфичности, предусмотренные Соглашением СКМ. Данная проблема рассматривается через правовую структуру Соглашения СКМ, утратившую силу категорию неоспариваемых субсидий по статье 8, практику разрешения споров ВТО в сфере возобновляемой энергетики, пробел в регулировании субсидий на ископаемое топливо, а также частичные модели, предусмотренные Соглашением по сельскому хозяйству и Соглашением о субсидиях в рыболовстве. Анализ показывает, что данная асимметрия обусловлена не столько отдельными пробелами в нормативном регулировании, сколько системной особенностью Соглашения СКМ – его экологически нейтральным характером. В статье обосновывается необходимость более согласованного подхода к дисциплинам ВТО в сфере субсидий: такой подход должен создавать упорядоченное правовое пространство для добросовестных зелёных субсидий, сохранять основные дисциплины против протекционистского субсидирования и усиливать прозрачность и регулирование экологически вредных мер поддержки ископаемого топлива.
Библиографические ссылки
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