Keywords
Abstract
This article explores the internal and external context of the public sector. At the same time, the study proves the fact that the corruption risks of the public sector are the risks of certain departments that perform the functions of the state apparatus. The international standards of the OECD and ISO, as well as the recommendations of the international organizations FATF, Interpol and others, always focus on the external and internal context of the state body of the state, which confirm the fact that the identification of internal and external corruption risks always makes it possible to determine ways to prevent corruption. An analysis of the context of the public sector will allow to consider the most vulnerable points for corrupt practices. The scale of a state body is determined by the number of institutions that it covers, that is, to perform several processes of one function, a state body requires several institutions, and, accordingly, personnel. In particular, by analyzing 14 external signs that make it possible to determine the presence of conditions for corruption in the public sector, as well as 6 internal aspects that highlight the weak points of state bodies that contribute to the commission of various corruption schemes (through the use of official powers).
References
1. Белов В.В. Распространение коррупции в системе органов государственной власти России: этапы и проблемы борьбы в 1992-2000 гг. Автореф. дис. канд. юрид. наук. Москва, 2008. - С. 17.
2. Кулишев П.Ю. Организация противодействия коррупции в органах государственной власти: зарубежный опыт. Автореф. дис. . канд. юрид. наук. Москва, 2006. – С. 123.
3. Bjornskov Christian, and Martin Paldam (2004). Corruption Trends. The New Institutional Economics of Corruption. London: Routledge. 2004, p. 59-75.
4. Corrado Germana, and Fiammetta Rossetti (2018). Public Corruption: A Study across Regions in Italy. Journal of Policy Modeling, vol. 40, issue 6, pp. 1130.
5. Corrado Germana and Fiammetta Rossetti (2018). Public Corruption: A Study across Regions in Italy. Journal of Policy Modeling, vol. 40, issue 6, pp. 1132.
6. De Simone, Francesco, and Shruti Shah (2012). Civil society procurement monitoring: challenges and opportunities. In: Eduardo Bohorquez and Deniz Devrim, eds. A New Role for Citizens in Public Procurement, New Mexico: Transparencia Mexicana.p.25.
7. Dong, Bin, and Benno Torgler (2011). Democracy, Property Rights, Income Equality, and Corruption. FEEM Working Paper No. 8.2011. p. 18.
8. Ferguson, Gerry (2017). Global Corruption: Law, Theory and Practice. Third Edition, University of Victoria.p.54;
9. Ferguson, Gerry (2018). Corruption and Public Procurement. In: G. Ferguson. Global Corruption: Law, Theory and Practice. Chapter Eleven, pp. 942;
10. Finney H. C., & Lesieur H. R. 1982. A contingency of theory of organizational crime. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 1: 255–299.
11. Gerring John, and Strom C. Thacker (2005). Do Neoliberal Policies Deter Political Corruption? International Organization, vol. 59, issue 1, pp.233-254.
12. Goel Rajeev K., and Michael A. Nelson (2010). Causes of Corruption: History, Geography and Government. Journal of Policy Modeling, vol. 32, issue 4, pp. 433-447
13. La Porta, Rafael, and others (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 222-279.;
14. Lederman, Daniel, Norman Loayza, and Rodrigo Reis Soares (2005). Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter. Policy Research Working Papers. Washington, DC: World Bank.
15. Locatelli, Giorgio, and others (2017). Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room! International Journal of Project Management, vol. 45, issue 03, pp. 252-268.
16. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2003). Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Service: OECD Guidelines and Country Experiences. Paris. (http://www.oecd.org/governance/ethics/conflict-of-interest)
17. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2007a). Bribery in Public Procurement: Methods, Actors and Counter Measures. Paris, p. 102.
18. Paldam, Martin, and Gert Tinggaard Svendsen (2002). Missing social capital and the transition in Eastern Europe, Journal of Institutional Innovation, Development and Transition, vol. 5, pp. 21-34.
19. Pinto, J., Leana, C.R., & Pil, F.K. (2008): "Corrupt Organizations or Organizations of Corrupt Individuals? Two Types of Organization-Level Corruption." Academy of Management Review, 33 (3), 685–709.
20. Rose-Ackerman, Susan, and Bonnie J. Palifka (2016). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. Cambridge University Press. P.10.
21. Tanzi, Vito (1998). Corruption and the budget: Problems and solutions. In: Arvind K. Jain, ed. Economics of Corruption, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
22. Treisman, Daniel (2000). The causes of corruption: a cross national study. Journal of Public Economics, vol. 76, issue 3 (June), pp. 399-457.